In The Figure Wheel A Of Radius

Bronze 8 Lug Wheels, In Fig. 10 - 31, wheel A of radius rA = 10 is coupled by belt .. Click here to get an answer to your question ✍️ In Fig. 10 - 31, wheel A of radius rA = 10 is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rC = 25 cm.1 answer  ·  Top answer: Answr has image solution available for this questionVideosYou will see more English now.3:25In the figure wheel a of radius raYouTube · WNY Tutor3 minutes, 25 secondsApr 5, 20165 key moments in this video4:15Wheel `A` of radius `r_(A)=10cm` is coupled by a belt `C` to .YouTube · Doubtnut4 minutes, 15 secondsJan 26, 2020In figure wheel A of radius rA = 10 cm is coupled by belt B to .Doubtnut4 weeks agoFeedbackView all Bronze Wheela, Wheel A of radius r A =10 cm is coupled by belt B to .. Wheel A of radius rA=10 cm is coupled by belt B to a wheel C of radius rc=25 cm. The angular speed of the wheel A is increased from rest at a constant rate . Under Armour Sunglasses Replacement Lenses, Solved •28 In Fig. 10-31, wheel A of radius ra = 10 cm is. 10-31, wheel A of radius ra = 10 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rc = 25 cm. The an- gular speed of wheel A is increased from rest at a constant .1 answer  ·  Top answer: The linear speeds are same and let it be v. As the belt does not slip, v is same. So,if are the ang. Bronze Wheels Audi, Solved Question | Chegg.com. In the figure below, wheel A of radius rA = 15 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rC = 23 cm. The angular speed of wheel A is increased from rest . Bronze Wheels For Jeep Wrangler, Q28P In Fig.10-31 , wheel A of radi. [FREE SOLUTION] | Vaia. In Fig. 10 - 31 , wheel A of radius r A = 10 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius r C = 25 cm .The angular speed of wheel A is increased from rest . Grey 4runner Bronze Wheels, Wheel A of radius r A = 10.0 cm is coupled by a belt B to .. Wheel A of radius r A = 10.0 cm is coupled by a belt B to wheel C of radius r C = 25.0 cm, as shown in Fig. Wheel A increases its angular speed from rest at a .2 answers  ·  0 votes: right Grey Truck Bronze Wheels, r = cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius 25.0. PDFA wheel A of radius. 10.0 a r = cm is coupled by belt. B to wheel C of radius. 25.0 c r = cm. Wheel A increases its angular speed from rest at a uniform . Under Armour Sunglasses Youth, In the figure, wheel A of radius r_A = 6.24 cm is coupled by .. In the figure, wheel A of radius r A = 6.24 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius r C = 26.4 cm. The angular speed of wheel A is increased from rest .1 answer  ·  Top answer: Given data• Radius of wheel A rA=6.24 cm• Radius of wheel C rC=26.4 cm• Initial angular speed of wheel C ωCi=0• Angular acceleration of . Kia Stinger Bronze Wheels, In the figure, wheel A of radius rA is coupled by belt B to .. Jun 30, 2022 — In the figure, wheel A of radius rA is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rc. The angular speed of wheel A is increased from rest at a .4 answers  ·  Top answer: Here a diagram and w t w a r a to alpha, a or comma w, a equal plus a upon raetions v, . Mustang Bronze Wheels, Answered: In the figure, wheel A of radius ra is…. In the figure, wheel A of radius ra is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rc. The angular speed of wheel A is increased from rest at a constant rate a.1 answer  ·  Top answer: Step 1 . Nardo Grey With Bronze Wheels, Wheel A of radius rA = 10.0 cm is coupled by a belt B to .. Nov 13, 2019 — Wheel A of radius rA = 10.0 cm is coupled by a belt B to wheel C of radius rC = 25.0 cm, as shown in Fig.Wheel A increases its angular speed .1 answer  ·  Top answer: [tex]tapprox16.36 s[/tex] is the time taken for the wheel C to reach a speed of 100 rpm.Explanation:Given:radius of wheel A, [tex]r_a=0.1 m[/tex]radius . 20 Bicycle Wheel, How to calculate wheel radius - x-engineer.org. Wheel radius calculator ; W [mm], AR [%] ; / ; Calculate wheel radius and diameter ; rw [mm] = dw [mm] = ; rw [cm] = dw [cm] =. 4 Wheel Mercedes Benz Bicycle Kart, Constant speed for wheel of any radius when setting .. Mar 16, 2009 — Or something similar, but I can't figure it out exactly. I want to based the wheel motor speed (in radians/sec) it so the final "speed" of the .3 answers  ·  Top answer: There are 2 PI radians in a full circle and your circle length is the circumference (2 PI . Bicycle Wheel Chocks, PHYSICS 111 HOMEWORK SOLUTION #9 April 5, 2013. PDFApr 5, 2013 — A racing car travels on a circular track of radius 275 m. Suppose the . b) Calculate the angular speed of the bicycle wheels. Dollar Tree Bicycle Wheel Diy, A wheel with a radius of 0.8m and a moment of inertia .. 1 answerA wheel with a radius of 0.8m and a moment of inertia of 4.8kgm^2 has a constant force of 10N applied tangentially to the wheel (downwards). What is the angular . Under Armour Superhero Cleats, Images for in the figure wheel a of radius. by M Smieszek · 2020 · Cited by 6 — In the case of automated guided vehicles using odometry, a very important issue is to know the actual rolling radius of the wheel used to calculate the . Heavy Duty Bicycle Wheels, Problems. A bicycle wheel of radius r = 1.5 m starts from rest and rolls 100 m without slipping in 30 s. Calculate a) the number of revolutions the wheel makes, b) the . Small Bicycle Wheels, 6.1 Angle of Rotation and Angular Velocity. Figure 6.3 The radius (r) of a circle is rotated through an angle Δθ. The arc length, Δs, is the distance covered along the circumference. Aluminum Wheel Chair, As shown in figure, wheel A of radius rA = 10 cm is coupled .. Jul 21, 2019 — As shown in figure, wheel A of radius rA = 10 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rC = 25 cm. The . (B) 8 sec (C) 12 sec (D) 16 .1 answer  ·  Top answer: Correct option (D) 16 secExplanation: High Chair On Wheels, angular acceleration, given initial velocity, radius, angle. Dec 27, 2015 — A fortune wheel is 2.6 meters in diameter (r = 1.3m). The initial velocity is 2m/s. After rotating 540 degrees, the velocity is 0 (wheel stops).2 answers  ·  Top answer: Ordinarily, physics in general is done using SI units, but that's not absolutely necessary. . Wagon Wheel Chair Vintage, AP Physics Questions Flashcards. A wheel with radius 0.33 m and rotational inertia 2.0 kg/m spins on an axle with an initial angular speed of 3.0 rad/s. Friction in the axle exerts a torque on . Rating: 4.5 · ‎4 reviews Wheel Chair Head Rest, A wheel of radius r rolls without slipping on a horizontal .. A wheel of radius r rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface shown below. If the velocity of point P is 10 m/s in the horizontal direction, the magnitude .1 answer  ·  Top answer: "Given:Velocity of point P = 10ms (i.e.) Vp = 10 msRadius = rWe know that as body is rotating so angular velocity will be involved.∴ To . Under Armour Sverige, Effect of different wheel radius with different lateral stiffness .. Download scientific diagram | Effect of different wheel radius with different lateral stiffness on critical speeds from publication: Parameters' changing . Wheel Chair Wheel Replacement, As shown in figure, wheel A of radius rA​=10 cm is .. Mar 28, 2023 — Solution For As shown in figure, wheel A of radius rA​=10 cm is coupled by belt B to wheel C of radius rC​=25 cm. The angular speed of wheel . Wrought Iron Lounge Chair Wheels, A Ferris wheel with a radius of 30 m spins rapidly as part .. Please refer to the attached figure. C is the position of the passenger car, R is the radius of the Ferris wheel, and is the angular velocity of the Ferris .1 answer  ·  A Ferris wheel problem is directly related to the centripetal acceleration. Depending . 14 In Golf Cart Wheels, A potter's wheel having a radius of 0.50 m and a moment .. Nov 28, 2022 — The potter can stop the wheel in 6.0 s by pressing a wet rag against the rim and exerting a radially inward force of 70 N. Find the effective . Rating: 5 · ‎6 votes 3 Wheel Ezgo Golf Cart, Wheels Diameter / Distance Traveled. PDFDescribe the relationship between radius, diameter, circumference, revolutions and distance . Calculate distance from wheel circumference and revolutions. Under Armour Sweatshirt Blue, The impact of load on the wheel rolling radius and slip in a .. by M Smieszek · 2019 · Cited by 17 — In the case of vehicles used in multiple environments and operating conditions, such as the vehicles which are the subject of this study, a . 4 Wheel Pvc Beach Cart Plans, How many times a wheel of radius 28 cm must rotate to go .. From A Circular Card Sheet Of Radius 14 Cm Two Circles Of Radius 35 Cm And A Rectangle Of Length 3 Cm And Breadth 1cm Are Removed As Shown In The Adjoining .1 answer  ·  Top answer: A wheel of radius 28 cm must rotate 200 times to go 352 m. Axle And Wheels For Cart, Wheel radius is 30cm. What size tyres?. Aug 18, 2016 — So there is this cheap used MTB on flea bay with scant details in the description , and I`m only looking for a MTB that has 26 inch wheels. I`ve . Candy Cart Wheels, Calculating the Distance Travelled by a Bicycle Given the .. 2:27A bicycle wheel has a radius of 35 cm. How far to the nearest meter does Emma cycle if the wheel revolves 250 times?Nagwa Limited · Nov 6, 2021 Under Armour Swimsuit Women's, Solutions to Ferris wheel Assignment.. PDFA Ferris wheel with a radius of 16 metres . bottom of the Ferris Wheel and rotates in . Explain the steps taken to calculate the answers. Charging 3-drawer Cart On Wheels, Figure Shows a Circular Wheel of Radius 10.0 Cm Whose .. Figure Shows a Circular Wheel of Radius 10.0 Cm Whose Upper Half, Shown Dark in the Figure, is Made of Iron and the Lower Half of Wood. the Two Junctions . Green Golf Cart Wheels, The wheel radius ${text{ }}r = 300mm{text{ }}$ rolls to right .. In the analytical method, we use vectors and calculate the speed at a particular instant. We use the parallelogram method to analyze the vector. Velocity is a .1 answer  ·  Top answer: Hint: In this question, we have to use the analytical method to find the velocity at the point${text{ }}A{text{ }}$. In the analytical method, we use . Nike React Infinity Run Flyknit 3 Women, Linear Speed Calculator. Jul 25, 2023 — The wheel's radius is 30 feet, and one revolution takes about 70 seconds. That being said, the linear speed needs to be in the same unit, . Harley Davidson 3 Wheel Golf Cart Parts, Calculate angular speed of an object. Free online angular velocity calculator to calculate the angular speed of a body in . Example 2: A Ferris wheel with a radius of 20 meters is spinning to . Hawk Crawler Deer Cart Replacement Wheels, Angular Momentum - Wheel with unequal radius. Nov 5, 2006 · 3 posts · 1 authorTwo objects are attached to ropes that are attached to wheels on a common axle as shown in Figure 9-55. The two wheels are glued together so . Heavy-duty Wheeled Log Cart, How to Measure Loaded Radius. PDFLoaded radius is the measurement of the tire with the first drive sprocket attached to its hub. Ground Wheel Drive Arrangement (A). Measure the loaded . Kayak Cart Replacement Wheels, How to Calculate Wheel Circumference. Mar 14, 2018 — To calculate using the radius, multiply the radius by 2 and then multiply that result by pi. For a wheel with a radius of 6 inches, use the . Milwaukee Packout 2-wheel Cart Release Date, SOLUTION: A large wheel and smaller wheel interlocking . .. The smaller wheel radius 5.23 cm and large wheel radius 8.16 cm.The rotation of the smaller wheel causes the larger wheel to rotate. Through how many degrees . Potting Cart On Wheels, A wheel of radius 10 cm can rotate freely about its centre .. A wheel of radius 10 cm can rotate freely about its centre as shown in figure. A string wrapped over its rim is pulled by a force of 5N. It i" observed that the . Replacement Wheels For Rio Beach Cart, Adaptive Rolling Radius Estimation. PDFby R Wretlind · 2023 — This figure shows the velocity estimated by the EKF. The black dots are the wheel speed sensors multiplied by a fixed radius, the blue dots are the . Rio Beach Wonder Wheeler Deluxe Cart, Effective Rolling Radius - an overview. Figure 8.12 shows the results of experiments of tires running over a drum . For a wheel with tire that is uniform and rolls freely at constant speed over . Rubbermaid Carts Wheels, Ferris Wheel Physics. The figure below shows a schematic of the Ferris wheel, illustrating the essentials of the . Let's say we have a Ferris wheel with a radius of 50 meters, . Surf Fishing Cart Wheels, 6.3 Centripetal Force | University Physics Volume 1. (Figure) shows a free-body diagram for a car on a frictionless banked curve. If the angle θ θ is ideal for the speed and radius . Utility Cart Wheels And Axles, The measurement of dynamic radii for passenger car tyre. by G Anghelache · 2017 · Cited by 14 — for measuring the wheel angular velocity: the stroboscopic lamp and the . The measured values of dynamic rolling radius are presented in Figure 7 as a . Wheeled Basket Cart, To find the speed of a current. Scientist place a paddle .. Jul 25, 2018 · 1 answerThe speed of the current is =33.5ms^-1 The radius of the wheel is r=3.2m The rotation is n=100 " rpm" The angular velocity is . Under Armour Tactical Friend Or Foe 2.0 Cap, PSI AP Physics I. PDFA toy car rolls in a circular path of radius 0.25 m and the car wheels . Calculate the angular momentum of a ballet dancer who is spinning at 1.5 rev/sec. Wonder Wheeler Beach Cart Parts, Aristotle's wheel paradox. Aristotle's wheel paradox is a paradox or problem appearing in the pseudo-Aristotelian Greek work Mechanica It states as follows: A wheel is depicted in . Wonder Wheeler Beach Cart Replacement Wheels, Choose Your Radius - Wissota Skate Sharpeners. The radius of the grinding wheel is then transferred to the skate blade by grinding (sharpening). What Radius Is Best? In the end, there is no “right” or “wrong . Wonder Wheeler Beach Standing Cart - Red - Rio Brands, How to calculate value of Rolling radius ?. Apr 9, 2020 — The value of rolling radius can be calculated either using the wheel forward & wheel angular velocity or by measuring the distance traveled as a . Wonder Wheeler Deluxe Beach Cart, Spinning Stuff Review 1. - Studylib. ​ A wheel (radius = 0.20 m) is mounted on a frictionless, horizontal axis. A light cord wrapped around the wheel supports a 0.50-kg object, as shown in the . 4 Wheel Drive Indicator Light Flashing, How to Calculate the Mechanical Advantage of Wheel and .. Oct 1, 2020 — The radius of the wheel (R) is greater than the radius of the cylindrical axle (r). The wheel and the axle have a common axis. When these two . Christmas Tree Color Wheel Light, US2479101A - Grinding wheel radius and angle dresser. A concave grinding surface may be formed on the abrasive wheel, such as shown in Figure 5, in the manner described above. It is to be noted, however, that in .Tire Size Calculator. . as shown in the figure below. Being able to read the tire code can be important, particularly when considering getting new wheels or tires, .1 Differential Drive Kinematics. PDFFigure 1: Differential Drive kinematics (from Dudek and Jenkin, . The GoPiGo's kinematics use two parameters: the wheel radius Rwheel (∼ 3.25 cm) and the .Wheel Rolling Radius Calculation and Reading Tire Spec. Dec 30, 2012 — I claim to know how to calculate the rolling-circumference , with use of loaded radius and surface-length on the ground. This will give a higher .Measurement of Wheel Radius in an Automated Guided .. by M Smieszek · 2020 · Cited by 6 — Abstract. In the case of automated guided vehicles using odometry, a very important issue is to know the actual rolling radius of the wheel used to calculate .The rotation of the smaller wheel in the figure causes the.. The rotation of the smaller wheel in the figure causes the larger wheel to rotate. Find the radius of the larger wheel in the figure if the . Show more1 answer  ·  Top answer: Solution is attached belowStep 1:Step 2:Step 3:Step 4:Generating Locomotion with Effective Wheel Radius .. PDFby T Hojnik · Cited by 1 — Figure 6a shows the smooth transitional relationship between wheel rotation and the gravitational potential energy in the form of ride height. Figure 7 further .How To Measure A Bike Wheel & Tire .. Multiply your wheel's radius by two to find the wheel's diameter. Now, measure the tire's width by placing the measuring tape across the top of it. The numbers .How Does Wheel Size Affect Performance? | News. Apr 23, 2016 — . stable torque figure) which therefore means that if the wheel radius changes, the driving force acting from the wheel must also change.Calculating a wheel's moment of inertia. We can measure the mass of the wheel easily enough, . A particle of mass m at radius r from the axis of rotation moves in a circle of radius r with an .Given Robot specifications: Wheel Radius = 0.06 meters.. = 3. 6 m/3 to Linear speed of right robot wheel. Figure: - Robot wheel base moving of circular Track. L 0.3 0.45 m LI Left .1 answer  ·  Top answer: Solution is given below: Image transcriptions Sol" : Given Robot specification Wheel Radius = 0.06 m : R = 0. 06m Robot wheel base = 0.3 m : By = 0.3 m .Mechanical Advantage Calculator. Jun 5, 2023 — How do you calculate a mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle? All you have to do is apply the following formula: MA = wheel radius / axle .RADIUS AND FORM DRESSING. Using a radius dresser that swings the single-point diamond in a preset arc is one method. The wheel dressing pantograph (Figure L-59) can form dress a .Sheldon notices the Ferris Wheel radius is 40 feet and .. Jan 25, 2021 — The Ferris Wheel radius is 40 feet and the center of the wheel is 50 feet high, lowest point of the wheel is at a height of 50 – 40 = 10 feet .2 answers  ·  Top answer: Look at the ferris wheel as a big clock that rotates clockwise with 12 o'clock at the top, 3 .What Is Turning circle radius or diameter & how is it .. Jun 15, 2016 — Suppose that such a vehicle is taking a turn towards the right hand side. In such a situation, wheels on the left side will be the outer wheels.Tyre Size Calculator. Use our tyre size calculator to calculate the diameter, width, sidewall, . The third number generally preceded by an "R" is the wheel diameter.Circle Calculator. May 6, 2020 — Calculate the area, circumference, radius and diameter of circles. Find A, C, r and d of a circle. Given any 1 known variable of a circle, .Tire Size Explained: What the Numbers Mean. Tagged diagram of tire size meanings . These tire sizes are meant for trailers, including fifth wheels and other travel . How to measure wheel diameter.How to Read & Determine Tire Size for Your Vehicle. Tire makers calculate the aspect ratio by dividing a tire's height off the rim . under controlled conditions on a specified indoor laboratory test wheel.Tire diameter calculator. New Tire Dia. The height .. Calculate your offset, compare tyre stretch, rolling radius and more. . Tire Size Calculator Tire Width: mm Aspect Ratio: % Wheel Diameter: in.A solid sphere of mass m and radius r rolls without slipping on .. If the angular velocity of the wheel iswhat is its linear momentum? . the rim of the wheel is given by where R is the radius of the wheel (see Figure 12.Buzz around ex mobility scooter. 1 Count (Pack of 1) 4. $89 .. The Buzzaround EX Extreme 4-Wheel Travel Scooter GB148D is one of the longer-range . Turning Radius: Universal Grip Umbrella Holder for Mobility Scooters, .2024 KZ RV Sportsmen 231RK—A smaller 5er. 11 hours ago — You see, a tow vehicle carries about 15% or so of most trailers—more in the case of a fifth wheel. This 5er has a tongue weight of about 1,000 .Giant 8x8 off-road fire truck listed on Facebook Marketplace. 2 days ago — Storage Wars buyer hits six-figure jackpot with one of the most expensive . to its eight-wheel-drive capability, impressive turn radius, .Breaking Down Canyon's K.I.S. System - BikeMag. 2 days ago — Effectively K.I.S. is fighting the wheel almost the same amount to . I was eager to take apart the K.I.S. system and figure out how much .Vehicle speed calculator. Enter the following values. The late. Tire Diameter in inches (Radius x 2) MPH Calculate. v = velocity of the car . Outer Daimeter Of a Wheel (inches) Axle (RPM) Vehicle Speed (KPH) Vehicle .A uniform rod of mass m is given a horizontal velocity. As shown in Figure I, the rod is struck at point P by a mass m, . a uniform cylinder or sphere) of radius Rrollswithout slipping on a horizontal surface, .Transfer case symptoms. If this happens, call an auto Floor Jack. I searched a bit but couldn't figure out the actual symptoms. . If your vehicle is suddenly having trouble shifting into four-wheel drive, or … 1.Gear ratio calculator bike. 44 inch tyre diameter. Supports any .. You can calculate gain ratios, gear inches or meters "Join the Facebook Group: . This ratio would be calculated as follows: divide the wheel radius by the .3 inch radius corner countertop. Hoping I can see that one pic. Brown Kitchen … diamond profile wheel 3/8 inch radius - Demi Half Bullnose . To figure a radius corner, use a piece of paper and run one edge along one .A Text-book of Physics - Page 87 - Google Books Result. Louis Bevier Spinney · 1911 · ‎PhysicsThis may be shown as follows : In Figure 50 let the small circle rep- resent the axle . Wheel and Axle . in which R represents the radius of the wheel and.Moment of inertia formulas pdf. Centerof GravityandMomentofInertia:First and secondmomentof area andmass,radius ofTheory The moment of inertia, I, is a measure of the way the mass .2023 ford transit towing capacity. For instance, the 2023 F. Drive type: all-wheel: Turning radius: 2021 Ford Transit-250 Cargo Base . if you want to know the tow rating in tonnes, just divide the kg figure by 1000.Road speed calculator. 16. Calculate bike gear ratio and .. 14) you then calculate the wheel circumference. 8 minutes The turning radius can be calculated by dividing the wheelbase of the vehicle (the distance .Moment of inertia formulas pdf. Radius of Gyration The radius of the gyration is the quantity that when . The moment of inertia, I, is a measure of the way the mass is distributed on the .Pulley speed formula. 66". Of all simple machines, mechanic. To figure out how many times this wheel spins in one minute, . To find the total ratio, use the pulley ratio formula: Ratio = (Radius of Driven Pulley) .Metric to imperial tire size. It can also be written as 120/70Zx. Specify values for fields below to find matching vehicles: Wheel-Size. . To calculate a metric tire size into inches you multiply the first number by the .The Automobile. 1910 · ‎Automobile industry and trade[ 41 ] -Just why must one of the road wheels travel faster than the other when . wheel must describe , is to a different radius , as shown in the figure .The Locomotive, Railway Carriage & Wagon Review. 1923 · ‎LocomotivesThe wheels are 3 in . dia . with a wheelbase of 5 ft . 6 in . . WHEEL BASE IN RELATION TO CURVES . . In the diagram the radius of the curve is R and the .Ramp calculator. . plane) Ramp height: Ramp length: Mechanical advantage: Calculate Wheel and axle Wheel radius: Axle radius: Mechanical advantage: Calculate Reset Jun 30, .Fundamentals of Rail Vehicle Dynamics - Page 6 - Google Books Result. Alan Wickens · 2003 · ‎Technology & EngineeringThus, if a wheelset is rolling along the track and is displaced slightly to one side, the wheel on one side is running on a larger radius and the wheel on .Parts of a check diagram. Buy OEM Parts for Honda Motorcycle 1983 REAR WHEEL Diagram . . equation below describes the luminosity of a star in terms of its radius and temperature.Gr corolla gas tank size. 2023 Toyota Corolla. Three cylinders of. Spare Wheel Size: Compact in: Rear Wheel Size: 15 X 6. . Weight 1475 kg Length 4407 mm Width 1851 mm Height 1479 mm Wheel Base 2640 mm Turning Radius 5.Introduction to Mobile Robot Control - Page 63 - Google Books Result. Spyros G Tzafestas · 2013 · ‎Technology & EngineeringConsider the 4-wheel WMR of Figure 2.14, where the mecanum wheels have roller angle i . 2, 3, 4, where R,- is the wheel radius, r,-_ is the roller radius, .Modern Robotics: Mechanics, Planning, and Control. Kevin M. Lynch, ‎Frank C. Park · 2017 · ‎ComputersThe center of the wheel and its driving direction are given by (3, aft, yi) expressed in {b}, the wheel's radius is r, and the wheel's sliding direction is .